Benefit of 3D mammogram less with very dense breasts

Yates Coley, PhD, assistant investigator at KPWHRI, is a lead author of a new study comparing 2 breast screening technologies in JAMA Network Open.

But for most women, digital breast tomosynthesis improves cancer detection and reduces recalls

A new comparison of two breast-screening technologies has found that, for most women, digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT, also called 3D mammography) is superior to digital mammography for cancer detection and for reducing recall visits due to unclear or false findings.  

The study’s distinction, though, is in identifying women for whom DBT’s advantage is less. Previous evidence had suggested that DBT would generally benefit all women.

JAMA Network Open published “Comparison of screening performance of digital breast tomosynthesis vs. digital mammography in community practice by patient age, screening round, and breast density.”

Kathryn Lowry, MD, an assistant professor of radiology at the University of Washington (UW) School of Medicine, and Yates Coley, PhD, an assistant investigator in biostatistics at Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI), were co-lead authors on the paper.

“DBT is improving screening outcomes for the vast majority of women getting screening mammography,” said Dr. Lowry. “Unfortunately, it does not seem to benefit the 10 percent of women who have extremely dense breasts and who already experience the poorest of mammography outcomes today.”

Digital mammography is a long-established X-ray diagnostic for breast cancer. DBT, also known as three-dimensional mammography, was approved by the FDA in 2011, but clinicians did not have a corresponding medical billing code for it until 2015. Despite its recent emergence, several studies have associated DBT with better cancer detection and fewer recall visits than digital mammography—but few have been able to examine differences between subgroups of women.

BCSC data

In this research, using information from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC), the investigators were able to analyze more than 1.5 million breast exams from women ages 40-79, measuring cancers detected and patient recalls by age groups and breast densities—and by baseline exam versus subsequent exams.

“This study incorporated so much data and from sites that are geographically, racially, and ethnically diverse, and this allowed us to explore questions that other researchers have not,” Dr. Coley said.

The findings accrue to research being pursued by members of the BCSC, a U.S. network of breast imaging registries, including one at Kaiser Permanente Washington. Dr. Coley conducted the analysis of data from the participating registries, which was pooled at KPWHRI. Dr. Lowry wrote a blog post about this work on the BCSC website.

The researchers found that DBT is most beneficial for women undergoing their first screening mammogram, associating that group with the largest improvements in recall reduction and cancer detection. In subsequent exams, most women experience one or both of these benefits with DBT.  But for women whose breasts were categorized as “extremely dense,” DBT did not make a difference in how many cancers were found or how many recalls these women had.

“This is a concern because this group of women is known to be at higher risk for cancer and higher risk for having cancers missed by mammography,” Dr. Lowry said.

Beyond that subgroup, DBT’s superior performance to digital mammography was broadly experienced, she added.  Importantly, most women with dense breasts are in the heterogeneously dense category, and these women had the largest boost in cancer detection with DBT. 

“Our findings can help providers and patients better decide how to make decisions about screening mammography,” Dr. Coley said. “If a provider only has access to one or two DBT machines, it will help them determine which patients should get priority with those.  If a patient must pay more out of pocket or drive several hours to reach a provider who offers DBT, this can help them know whether they’re likely to experience benefit.”

Today, FDA data suggest that about two thirds of U.S. mammography facilities offer DBT. Insurance coverage, however, has lagged and is inconsistent across states.

Breast density

Many women do not know the density of their breasts, Lowry said. There are four categories of density, each describing a different mix of glandular tissue, fibrous connective tissue, ducts, and fat. About half of all women have dense breasts, with a higher proportion of glandular and connective tissue; about 10 percent of all women have “extremely dense” breasts.

Nearly 40 states now mandate that women having mammograms receive some form of notification about the impact of breast density on breast cancer risk and detection of cancer.

Language of these laws varies by state, and not all women are informed of their specific density category, Lowry said. For instance, a woman may be told she has “dense breasts” but not specifically told she is among the 10 percent of women whose breasts are extremely dense.

When DBT was introduced, “we hoped that it would benefit these women,” Lowry said, “but unfortunately this adds to the evidence that we still need to think about how to improve screening for this group.”

Other authors include Diana Miglioretti, PhD, a senior investigator at KPWHRI, dean’s professor of biostatistics at the University of California, Davis, and co-lead of the BCSC; and Christoph Lee, MD, MS, and Janie Lee, MD, MSc, both associate professors of radiology and medicine at the UW School of Medicine and both KPWHRI affiliate investigators; with other BCSC colleagues. 

This research was funded by the National Cancer Institute (398 P01CA154292, U54CA163303), the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCS-399 1504-30370), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01 HS018366-401 01A1), and the University of Vermont Cancer Center.

About Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute

Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI) improves the health and health care of Kaiser Permanente members and the public. The institute has conducted nonproprietary public-interest research on preventing, diagnosing, and treating major health problems since 1983. Government and private research grants provide our main funding. Follow KPWHRI research on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn, or subscribe to our free monthly newsletter.